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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> 代码整洁之道-编写 Pythonic 代码 </h1>
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                <p>很多新手在开始学一门新的语言的时候，往往会忽视一些不应该忽视的细节，比如变量命名和函数命名以及注释等一些内容的规范性，久而久之养成了一种习惯。对此呢，我特意收集了一些适合所有学习 Python 的人，代码整洁之道。</p>
                <h3 id="写出-Pythonic-代码"><a href="#写出-Pythonic-代码" class="headerlink" title="写出 Pythonic 代码"></a><strong>写出 Pythonic 代码</strong></h3>
                <p>谈到规范首先想到就是 Python 有名的 PEP8 代码规范文档，它定义了编写 Pythonic 代码的最佳实践。可以在 <a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/">https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/</a> 上查看。但是真正去仔细研究学习这些规范的朋友并不是很多，对此呢这篇文章摘选一些比较常用的代码整洁和规范的技巧和方法，下面让我们一起来学习吧！</p>
                <h3 id="命名"><a href="#命名" class="headerlink" title="命名"></a><strong>命名</strong></h3>
                <p>所有的编程语言都有变量、函数、类等的命名约定，以美之称的 Python 当然更建议使用命名约定。 接下来就针对类、函数、方法等等内容进行学习。</p>
                <h3 id="变量和函数"><a href="#变量和函数" class="headerlink" title="变量和函数"></a><strong>变量和函数</strong></h3>
                <p>使用小写字母命名函数和变量，并用下划线分隔单词，提高代码可读性。</p>
                <h3 id="变量的声明"><a href="#变量的声明" class="headerlink" title="变量的声明"></a><strong>变量的声明</strong></h3>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">names</span> = <span class="string">"Python"</span> <span class="comment">#变量名 </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">namejob_title</span> = <span class="string">"Software Engineer"</span> <span class="comment">#带有下划线的变量名</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">populated_countries_list</span> = []  <span class="comment">#带有下划线的变量名</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>还应该考虑在代码中使用非 Python 内置方法名，如果使用 Python 中内置方法名请使用一个或两个下划线()。</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">_books</span> = &#123;&#125;<span class="comment"># 变量名私有化</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">__dict</span> = []<span class="comment"># 防止python内置库中的名称混淆</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>那如何选择是用<em>还是__呢？ 如果不希望外部类访问该变量，应该使用一个下划线（</em>）作为类的内部变量的前缀。如果要定义的私有变量名称是 Python 中的关键字如 dict 就要使用(__)。</p>
                <h3 id="函数的声明"><a href="#函数的声明" class="headerlink" title="函数的声明"></a><strong>函数的声明</strong></h3>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_data</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span> </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">calculate_tax_data</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>函数的声明和变量一样也是通过小写字母和单下划线进行连接。 当然对于函数私有化也是和声明变量类似。</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">_get_data</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>函数的开头使用单下划线，将其进行私有化。对于使用 Pyton 中的关键字来进行命名的函数 要使用双下划线。</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__path</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>除了遵循这些命名规则之外，使用清晰易懂的变量名和很重要。</p>
                <h3 id="函数名规范"><a href="#函数名规范" class="headerlink" title="函数名规范"></a><strong>函数名规范</strong></h3>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Wrong Way</span></span><br><span class="line">def get_user_info(id):</span><br><span class="line">   db = get_db_connection()</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in"> user </span>= execute_query_for_user(id)</span><br><span class="line">   return user</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Right way</span></span><br><span class="line">def get_user_by(user_id):</span><br><span class="line">    db = get_db_connection()</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in"> user </span>= execute_user_query(user_id) </span><br><span class="line">    return user</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里，第二个函数 get_user_by 确保使用相同的参数来传递变量，从而为函数提供正确的上下文。 第一个函数 get_user_info 就不怎么不明确了，因为参数 id 意味着什么这里我们不能确定，它是用户 ID，还是用户付款ID或任何其他 ID？ 这种代码可能会对使用你的API的其他开发人员造成混淆。为了解决这个问题，我在第二个函数中更改了两个东西; 我更改了函数名称以及传递的参数名称，这使代码可读性更高。 作为开发人员，你有责任在命名变量和函数时仔细考虑，要写让人能够清晰易懂的代码。 当然也方便自己以后去维护。</p>
                <h3 id="类的命名规范"><a href="#类的命名规范" class="headerlink" title="类的命名规范"></a><strong>类的命名规范</strong></h3>
                <p>类的名称应该像大多数其他语言一样使用驼峰大小写。</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="symbol">UserInformation:</span></span><br><span class="line">     <span class="symbol">def</span> <span class="symbol">get_user</span>(<span class="symbol">id</span>):</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="symbol">db</span> = <span class="symbol">get_db_connection</span>()</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="symbol">user</span> = <span class="symbol">execute_query_for_user</span>(<span class="symbol">id</span>)</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="symbol">return</span> <span class="symbol">user</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="常量的命名规范"><a href="#常量的命名规范" class="headerlink" title="常量的命名规范"></a><strong>常量的命名规范</strong></h3>
                <p>通常应该用大写字母定义常量名称。</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">TOTAL</span> = <span class="number">56</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">TIMOUT</span> = <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">MAX_OVERFLOW</span> = <span class="number">7</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="函数和方法的参数"><a href="#函数和方法的参数" class="headerlink" title="函数和方法的参数"></a><strong>函数和方法的参数</strong></h3>
                <p>函数和方法的参数命名应遵循与变量和方法名称相同的规则。因为类方法将self作为第一个关键字参数。所以在函数中就不要使用 self 作为关键字作为参数，以免造成混淆 .</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">def calculate_tax(amount, yearly_tax):</span><br><span class="line">    passs</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="symbol">Player:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">def</span> <span class="symbol">get_total_score</span>(<span class="symbol">self, <span class="symbol">player_name</span></span>):</span><br><span class="line">         <span class="symbol">pass</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>关于命名大概就强调这些，下面让我们看看表达式和语句中需要的问题。</p>
                <h3 id="代码中的表达式和语句"><a href="#代码中的表达式和语句" class="headerlink" title="代码中的表达式和语句"></a><strong>代码中的表达式和语句</strong></h3>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">users = [</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;<span class="string">"first_name"</span>:<span class="string">"Helen"</span>, <span class="string">"age"</span>:39&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;<span class="string">"first_name"</span>:<span class="string">"Buck"</span>, <span class="string">"age"</span>:10&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;<span class="string">"first_name"</span>:<span class="string">"anni"</span>, <span class="string">"age"</span>:9&#125;</span><br><span class="line">]</span><br><span class="line">users = sorted(users, <span class="attribute">key</span>=lambda user: user[<span class="string">"first_name"</span>].lower())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这段代码有什么问题? 乍一看并不容易理解这段代码，尤其是对于新开发人员来说，因为 lambdas 的语法很古怪，所以不容易理解。虽然这里使用 lambda 可以节省行，然而，这并不能保证代码的正确性和可读性。同时这段代码无法解决字典缺少键出现异常的问题。 让我们使用函数重写此代码，使代码更具可读性和正确性; 该函数将判断异常情况，编写起来要简单得多。</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">users = [</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;<span class="string">"first_name"</span>:<span class="string">"Helen"</span>, <span class="string">"age"</span>:<span class="number">39</span>&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;<span class="string">"first_name"</span>:<span class="string">"Buck"</span>, <span class="string">"age"</span>:<span class="number">10</span>&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;<span class="string">"name"</span>:<span class="string">"anni"</span>, <span class="string">"age"</span>:<span class="number">9</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_user_name</span><span class="params">(users)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""Get name of the user in lower case"""</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> users[<span class="string">"first_name"</span>].lower()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_sorted_dictionary</span><span class="params">(users)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""Sort the nested dictionary"""</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> isinstance(users, dict):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">raise</span> ValueError(<span class="string">"Not a correct dictionary"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> len(users):</span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">raise</span> ValueError(<span class="string">"Empty dictionary"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    users_by_name = sorted(users, key=get_user_name)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> users_by_name</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如您所见，此代码检查了所有可能的意外值，并且比起以前的单行代码更具可读性。 单行代码虽然看起来很酷节省了行，但是会给代码添加很多复杂性。 但是这并不意味着单行代码就不好 这里提出的一点是，如果你的单行代码使代码变得更难阅读，那么就请避免使用它，记住写代码不是为了炫酷的，尤其在项目组中。 让我们再考虑一个例子，你试图读取 CSV 文件并计算 CSV 文件处理的行数。下面的代码展示使代码可读的重要性，以及命名如何在使代码可读中发挥重要作用。</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> csv</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">"employee.csv"</span>, mode=<span class="string">"r"</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> csv_file:</span><br><span class="line">    csv_reader = csv.DictReader(csv_file)</span><br><span class="line">    line_count = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> row <span class="keyword">in</span> csv_reader:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> line_count == <span class="number">0</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">f'Column names are <span class="subst">&#123;<span class="string">", "</span>.join(row)&#125;</span>'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            line_count += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">f'\\t<span class="subst">&#123;row[<span class="string">"name"</span>]&#125;</span> salary: <span class="subst">&#123;row[<span class="string">"salary"</span>]&#125;</span>'</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">f'and was born in <span class="subst">&#123;row[<span class="string">"birthday month"</span>]&#125;</span>.'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        line_count += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">f'Processed <span class="subst">&#123;line_count&#125;</span> lines.'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>将代码分解为函数有助于使复杂的代码变的易于阅读和调试。 这里的代码在 with 语句中执行多项操作。为了提高可读性，您可以将带有 process salary 的代码从 CSV 文件中提取到另一个函数中，以降低出错的可能性。</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> csv</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">"employee.csv"</span>, mode=<span class="string">"r"</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> csv_file:</span><br><span class="line">    csv_reader = csv.DictReader(csv_file)</span><br><span class="line">    line_count = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    process_salary(csv_reader)    </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">process_salary</span><span class="params">(csv_reader)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"""Process salary of user from csv file."""</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> row <span class="keyword">in</span> csv_reader:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> line_count == <span class="number">0</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                print(<span class="string">f'Column names are <span class="subst">&#123;<span class="string">", "</span>.join(row)&#125;</span>'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">                line_count += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">                print(<span class="string">f'\\t<span class="subst">&#123;row[<span class="string">"name"</span>]&#125;</span> salary: <span class="subst">&#123;row[<span class="string">"salary"</span>]&#125;</span>'</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">f'and was born in <span class="subst">&#123;row[<span class="string">"birthday month"</span>]&#125;</span>.'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            line_count += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">f'Processed <span class="subst">&#123;line_count&#125;</span> lines.'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>代码是不是变得容易理解了不少呢。 在这里，创建了一个帮助函数，而不是在with语句中编写所有内容。这使读者清楚地了解了函数的实际作用。如果想处理一个特定的异常或者想从CSV文件中读取更多的数据，可以进一步分解这个函数，以遵循单一职责原则，一个函数一做一件事。这个很重要</p>
                <h3 id="return语句的类型尽量一致"><a href="#return语句的类型尽量一致" class="headerlink" title="return语句的类型尽量一致"></a><strong>return语句的类型尽量一致</strong></h3>
                <p>如果希望函数返回一个值，请确保该函数的所有执行路径都返回该值。但是，如果期望函数只是在不返回值的情况下执行操作，则 Python 会隐式返回 None 作为函数的默认值。 先看一个错误示范</p>
                <figure class="highlight ruby">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">calculate_interest</span><span class="params">(principle, time rate)</span></span>:    </span><br><span class="line">     <span class="keyword">if</span> principle &gt; <span class="number">0</span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="keyword">return</span> (principle * time * rate) / <span class="number">100</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">calculate_interest</span><span class="params">(principle, time rate)</span></span>:    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> principle &lt; <span class="number">0</span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span>    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> (principle * time * rate) / <span class="number">100</span>ChaPTER <span class="number">1</span>  PyThonIC ThInkIng</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>正确的示范应该是下面这样</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">calculate_interest</span><span class="params">(principle, time rate)</span>:</span>    </span><br><span class="line">     <span class="keyword">if</span> principle &gt; <span class="number">0</span>:</span><br><span class="line">         <span class="keyword">return</span> (principle * time * rate) / <span class="number">100</span></span><br><span class="line">     <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">calculate_interest</span><span class="params">(principle, time rate)</span>:</span>    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> principle &lt; <span class="number">0</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">None</span>    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> (principle * time * rate) / <span class="number">100</span>ChaPTER <span class="number">1</span>  PyThonIC ThInkIng</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>还是那句话写易读的代码，代码多写点没关系，可读性很重要。</p>
                <h3 id="使用-isinstance-方法而不是-type-进行比较"><a href="#使用-isinstance-方法而不是-type-进行比较" class="headerlink" title="使用 isinstance() 方法而不是 type() 进行比较"></a><strong>使用 isinstance() 方法而不是 type() 进行比较</strong></h3>
                <p>当比较两个对象类型时，请考虑使用 isinstance() 而不是 type，因为 isinstance() 判断一个对象是否为另一个对象的子类是 true。考虑这样一个场景：如果传递的数据结构是dict 的子类，比如 orderdict。type() 对于特定类型的数据结构将失败;然而，isinstance() 可以将其识别出它是 dict 的子类。 错误示范</p>
                <figure class="highlight elm">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="title">user_ages</span> = &#123;<span class="string">"Larry"</span>: <span class="number">35</span>, <span class="string">"Jon"</span>: <span class="number">89</span>, <span class="string">"Imli"</span>: <span class="number">12</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span>(user_ages) == dict:</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>正确选择</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="string">user_ages</span> <span class="string">=</span> <span class="string">&#123;"Larry":</span> <span class="number">35</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">"Jon":</span> <span class="number">89</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">"Imli":</span> <span class="number">12</span><span class="string">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">if</span> <span class="string">isinstance(user_ages,</span> <span class="string">dict):</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="比较布尔值"><a href="#比较布尔值" class="headerlink" title="比较布尔值"></a><strong>比较布尔值</strong></h3>
                <p>在Python中有多种方法可以比较布尔值。 错误示范</p>
                <figure class="highlight ada">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> is_empty = <span class="literal">False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> is_empty == <span class="literal">False</span>:</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> is_empty <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="literal">False</span>:</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>正确示范</p>
                <figure class="highlight ceylon">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">is</span><span class="number">_</span>empty = False</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">is</span><span class="number">_</span>empty</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="使用文档字符串"><a href="#使用文档字符串" class="headerlink" title="使用文档字符串"></a><strong>使用文档字符串</strong></h3>
                <p>Docstrings可以在 Python 中声明代码的功能的。通常在方法，类和模块的开头使用。 docstring是该对象的<strong>doc</strong>特殊属性。 Python 官方语言建议使用“”三重双引号“”来编写文档字符串。 你可以在 PEP8 官方文档中找到这些实践。 下面让我们简要介绍一下在 Python 代码中编写 docstrings 的一些最佳实践 。</p>
                <h3 id="方法中使用docstring"><a href="#方法中使用docstring" class="headerlink" title="方法中使用docstring"></a><strong>方法中使用docstring</strong></h3>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_prime_number</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""Get list of prime numbers between 1 to 100."""</span><span class="string">"</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>关于docstring的格式的写法，目前存在多种风格，但是这几种风格都有一些统一的标准。</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>即使字符串符合一行，也会使用三重引号。当你想要扩展时，这种注释非常有用。‘</li>
                  <li>三重引号中的字符串前后不应有任何空行</li>
                  <li>使用句点（.）结束docstring中的语句 类似地，可以应用 Python 多行 docstring 规则来编写多行 docstring。在多行上编写文档字符串是用更具描述性的方式记录代码的一种方法。你可以利用 Python 多行文档字符串在 Python 代码中编写描述性文档字符串，而不是在每一行上编写注释。 <strong>多行的docstring</strong></li>
                </ul>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">call_weather_api</span><span class="params">(url, location)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""Get the weather of specific location.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    Calling weather api to check for weather by using weather api and </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    location. Make sure you provide city name only, country and county </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    names won't be accepted and will throw exception if not found the </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    city name.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :param url:URL of the api to get weather.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :type url: str</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :param location:Location of the city to get the weather.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :type location: str</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :return: Give the weather information of given location.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :rtype: str"""</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>说一下上面代码的注意点</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>第一行是函数或类的简要描述</li>
                  <li>每一行语句的末尾有一个句号</li>
                  <li>文档字符串中的简要描述和摘要之间有一行空白</li>
                </ul>
                <p>如果使用 Python3.6 可以使用类型注解对上面的docstring以及参数的声明进行修改。</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">call_weather_api</span><span class="params">(url: str, location: str)</span> -&gt; str:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""Get the weather of specific location.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    Calling weather api to check for weather by using weather api and </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    location. Make sure you provide city name only, country and county </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    names won't be accepted and will throw exception if not found the </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    city name.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>怎么样是不是简洁了不少，如果使用 Python 代码中的类型注解，则不需要再编写参数信息。 关于类型注解(type hint)的具体用法可以参考我之前写的<a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzU0NDQ2OTkzNw%3D%3D%26mid%3D2247484258%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Db13db84dad8eccaec9cd4af618e812e4%26chksm%3Dfb7ae5bccc0d6caa8e145e9fd22d0395e68d618672ebbfe99794926c0b9e782974fb16321e32%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect">http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU0NDQ2OTkzNw==&amp;mid=2247484258&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=b13db84dad8eccaec9cd4af618e812e4&amp;chksm=fb7ae5bccc0d6caa8e145e9fd22d0395e68d618672ebbfe99794926c0b9e782974fb16321e32&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect</a></p>
                <h3 id="模块级别的docstring"><a href="#模块级别的docstring" class="headerlink" title="模块级别的docstring"></a><strong>模块级别的docstring</strong></h3>
                <p>一般在文件的顶部放置一个模块级的 docstring 来简要描述模块的使用。 这些注释应该放在在导包之前，模块文档字符串应该表明模块的使用方法和功能。 如果觉得在使用模块之前客户端需要明确地知道方法或类，你还可以简要地指定特定方法或类。</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">"""This module contains all of the network related requests. </span><br><span class="line">This module will <span class="keyword">check</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="keyword">all</span> the <span class="keyword">exceptions</span> <span class="keyword">while</span> making the network </span><br><span class="line">calls <span class="keyword">and</span> <span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="keyword">exceptions</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="keyword">any</span> <span class="literal">unknown</span> exception.</span><br><span class="line">Make sure that <span class="keyword">when</span> you <span class="keyword">use</span> this <span class="keyword">module</span>,</span><br><span class="line">you handle these <span class="keyword">exceptions</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="keyword">client</span> code <span class="keyword">as</span>:</span><br><span class="line">NetworkError <span class="keyword">exception</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> network calls.</span><br><span class="line">NetworkNotFound <span class="keyword">exception</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> network <span class="keyword">not</span> found.</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">import urllib3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">import json</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在为模块编写文档字符串时，应考虑执行以下操作：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>对当前模块写一个简要的说明</li>
                  <li>如果想指定某些对读者有用的模块，如上面的代码，还可以添加异常信息，但是注意不要太详细。</li>
                </ul>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">NetworkError exception <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="built_in"> network </span>calls.</span><br><span class="line">NetworkNotFound exception <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="built_in"> network </span><span class="keyword">not</span> found.</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <ul>
                  <li>将模块的docstring看作是提供关于模块的描述性信息的一种方法，而不需要详细讨论每个函数或类具体操作方法。 <strong>类级别的docstring</strong> 类docstring主要用于简要描述类的使用及其总体目标。 让我们看一些示例，看看如何编写类文档字符串 <strong>单行类docstring</strong></li>
                </ul>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Student</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">   <span class="string">"""This class handle actions performed by a student."""</span></span><br><span class="line">   <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这个类有一个一行的 docstring，它简要地讨论了学生类。如前所述，遵守了所以一行docstring 的编码规范。</p>
                <h3 id="多行类docstring"><a href="#多行类docstring" class="headerlink" title="多行类docstring"></a><strong>多行类docstring</strong></h3>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Student</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""Student class information.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    This class handle actions performed by a student.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    This class provides information about student full name, age, </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    roll-number and other information.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    Usage:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        import student</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        student = student.Student()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        student.get_name()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        &gt;&gt;&gt; 678998</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">   """</span></span><br><span class="line">   <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这个类 docstring 是多行的; 我们写了很多关于 Student 类的用法以及如何使用它。</p>
                <h3 id="函数的docstring"><a href="#函数的docstring" class="headerlink" title="函数的docstring"></a><strong>函数的docstring</strong></h3>
                <p>函数文档字符串可以写在函数之后，也可以写在函数的顶部。</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">def is_prime_number(number):</span><br><span class="line">    """<span class="keyword">Check</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> prime number.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">Check</span> the given <span class="built_in">number</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> prime <span class="built_in">number</span> </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> checking against <span class="keyword">all</span> the numbers </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">less</span> the <span class="keyword">square</span> root <span class="keyword">of</span> given number.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    :param <span class="built_in">number</span>:Given <span class="built_in">number</span> <span class="keyword">to</span> <span class="keyword">check</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> prime</span><br><span class="line">    :<span class="keyword">type</span> <span class="built_in">number</span>: <span class="built_in">int</span></span><br><span class="line">    :<span class="keyword">return</span>: <span class="literal">True</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="built_in">number</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> prime otherwise False.</span><br><span class="line">    :rtype: <span class="built_in">boolean</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如果我们使用类型注解对其进一步优化。</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">is_prime_number</span><span class="params">(number: int)</span>-&gt;bool:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""Check for prime number.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    Check the given number is prime number </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    or not by checking against all the numbers </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    less the square root of given number.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="结语"><a href="#结语" class="headerlink" title="结语"></a><strong>结语</strong></h3>
                <p>当然关于 Python 中的规范还有很多很多，建议大家参考 Python 之禅和 Pep8 对代码进行优化，养成编写 Pythonic 代码的良好习惯。 [caption id=”attachment_6600” align=”alignnone” width=”258”]<img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/qrcode_for_gh_fedbc9cddff8_258.jpg" alt=""> 扫码关注[/caption] 更多精彩内容关注微信公众号:python学习开发</p>
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                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#写出-Pythonic-代码"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">写出 Pythonic 代码</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#命名"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">命名</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#变量和函数"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">变量和函数</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#变量的声明"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">变量的声明</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数的声明"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数的声明</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数名规范"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数名规范</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#类的命名规范"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">类的命名规范</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#常量的命名规范"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">常量的命名规范</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数和方法的参数"><span class="nav-number">9.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数和方法的参数</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#代码中的表达式和语句"><span class="nav-number">10.</span> <span class="nav-text">代码中的表达式和语句</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#return语句的类型尽量一致"><span class="nav-number">11.</span> <span class="nav-text">return语句的类型尽量一致</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用-isinstance-方法而不是-type-进行比较"><span class="nav-number">12.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用 isinstance() 方法而不是 type() 进行比较</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#比较布尔值"><span class="nav-number">13.</span> <span class="nav-text">比较布尔值</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用文档字符串"><span class="nav-number">14.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用文档字符串</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#方法中使用docstring"><span class="nav-number">15.</span> <span class="nav-text">方法中使用docstring</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#模块级别的docstring"><span class="nav-number">16.</span> <span class="nav-text">模块级别的docstring</span></a></li>
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